Allergy to Mold

Mold is a prevalent organism growing both indoors and outdoors. It is a type of fungus that breaks down dead material and returns nutrients to the environment. Mold digests plant or animal matter such as wood, paper, dirt, and food and spreads by releasing tiny spores into the air. Mold flourishes in dark, moist places. In particular mold will grow quick in basements, garbage cans, and piles of rotting leaves.

What Is Allergy to Mold?

Allergy to mold refers to an abnormal response of the body's immune system to mold spores. Molds are fungi that thrive in moist environments and can be found both indoors and outdoors. Unlike plant pollens, molds do not have a specific season and can grow year-round, especially in damp or humid conditions.

Everyone is exposed to mold on a daily basis with no ill effects. We may breathe in spores that have been released into the air or consume foods where mold has begun to grow. Those who have mold allergies, however, may have a negative reaction if exposed to too much of the fungus.

In addition to tree, grass, and weed pollens mold is a common cause of seasonal allergic rhinitis. People allergic to mold may experience allergic symptoms between spring and the late fall. Mold season most often peaks from July through late summer. Unlike pollens mold can persist after the first frost. Some molds can even grow at subfreezing temperatures, though, most become dormant. Snow cover in the winter reduces the outdoor mold count dramatically but doesn’t kill mold. After the spring thaw mold thrives on the vegetation killed by the winter cold.

In the warmest regions, however, mold can thrive all year round causing year-round allergy problems. Indoor mold even in the coldest climates can also cause perennial allergic rhinitis.

An allergic reaction to mold is most often a reaction to the mold spores. Mold spores are the seeds or reproductive particles of the fungus. Depending on the species they differ in size, shape, and color. When inhaled, the microscopic spores may cause allergic rhinitis.

Mold is found where there is moisture, oxygen, and a source of the few other chemicals they need to thrive. In most often found outdoor in moist shady areas such as rotting logs, fallen leaves, in gardens, compost piles, and on grains such as oats, barley, and corn, making farms, grain bins, and silos likely places to find mold. Inside the home mold is most often found in damp basements, closets, and bathrooms. Also, where fresh food is stored or refrigerator drip trays, house plants, air conditioners, humidifiers, garbage cans, mattresses, furniture and old foam rubber pillows are locations mold is often found.

Causes of Allergy to Mold

The primary cause of mold allergy is an individual's heightened sensitivity to mold spores. When a person with a mold allergy inhales these spores, the immune system reacts as though these harmless spores are dangerous invaders, releasing chemicals like histamine, which lead to allergy symptoms. The types of molds commonly involved in allergies include Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium.

Signs and Symptoms of Mold Allergy

The symptoms of mold allergy are similar to those of other respiratory allergies and can range from mild to severe, including:

  • Sneezing

  • Runny or stuffy nose

  • Itchy or watery eyes

  • Wheezing, coughing, or difficulty breathing

  • Skin irritation or rash

In people with asthma, mold exposure can trigger asthma attacks. Moreover, prolonged exposure to high levels of indoor mold can lead to more severe respiratory conditions.

Risk Factors of Allergy to Mold

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing a mold allergy or exacerbate the symptoms, such as:

  • Genetic predisposition to allergies

  • Living or working in environments with high humidity or poor ventilation

  • Occupations that expose individuals to mold (e.g., farming, winemaking, carpentry, baking)

  • Existing respiratory conditions, like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

  • Living in a house with a history of water damage or high humidity levels

How Is Mold Allergy Diagnosed?

Diagnosing mold allergy involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, and allergy testing. The steps typically include:

  • Medical History and Physical Exam: The clinician will assess symptoms, environmental factors, and family history of allergies.

  • Skin Prick Test: This involves placing a small amount of mold allergen on the skin and then pricking the area to allow the allergen to enter. A reaction, typically in the form of a raised bump, indicates an allergy.

  • Specific IgE Blood Test: Also known as RAST (radioallergosorbent test), this test measures the level of mold-specific IgE antibodies in the blood, helping to confirm a mold allergy diagnosis.

Treatments for Mold Allergy

The treatment of mold allergy can involve a combination of strategies:

  • Avoidance and Environmental Control: The most effective treatment is to avoid or minimize exposure to mold. This includes maintaining low humidity levels in the home, fixing leaks, and cleaning visible mold.

  • Medications: Depending on the severity of symptoms, medications such as antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and decongestants can be effective in managing symptoms. In some cases, leukotriene inhibitors are prescribed.

  • Allergy Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots): Immunotherapy is not helpful.

  • Emergency Epinephrine: For severe allergic reactions, carrying an epinephrine auto-injector is recommended.

Preventive Measure to Avoid Mold Allergy

To prevent mold growth and reduce exposure to mold spores, the following measures can be effective:

  • Control Humidity: Keep indoor humidity levels below 50% using dehumidifiers or air conditioners.

  • Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation in high-moisture areas like bathrooms, kitchens, and basements.

  • Fix Leaks: Promptly repair any plumbing leaks or water damage in the home.

  • Clean Regularly: Regularly clean and dry areas where mold tends to grow, and use mold-inhibiting solutions in prone areas.

  • Air Filtration: Use HEPA filters in air conditioning systems and vacuums to reduce airborne mold spores.

  • Outdoor Precautions: After outdoor activities, showering and changing clothes can help remove mold spores. Keep windows closed during high mold seasons.

  • Reducing Indoor Plants: While plants are beneficial, overwatering can contribute to mold growth in the soil.

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