Allergy to Eggs
Egg is one of the most allergenic of all foods, and minute amounts of egg can result in symptoms within minutes, including life-threatening anaphylaxis. This is also seen after contact with egg through non-oral routes. Reactions may occur the first time a child is given egg.
What is Allergy to Eggs
Egg allergy is an abnormal immune response to proteins found in eggs, most commonly to proteins in egg whites. The immune system identifies these proteins as harmful invaders and releases chemicals such as histamines to protect the body. This immune reaction leads to various symptoms that can affect the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system.
Causes of Egg Allergy
Although ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and ovotransferrin have been identified as the major allergens in egg white, 10 other unnamed allergens of lesser importance have been identified. These allergens are also present in egg yolk but in lesser quantities. This is important because components of egg may be individually used for specific actions in food preparation. For example, hen’s egg lysozyme is used as a preservative in food; and in some countries, notably Japan and Switzerland, lysozyme is used in medications. Individuals sensitive to hen’s egg have been shown to be allergic to lysozyme produced from hen’s egg. Individuals with a family history of allergies may be more prone to developing egg allergies. Exposure to eggs at an early age may also play a role in sensitizing the immune system and triggering an allergic reaction.
Signs and Symptoms of Egg Allergy
Skin Reactions:
Hives (urticaria): Raised, itchy welts on the skin.
Eczema: Itchy, inflamed skin.
Redness and swelling: Around the eyes, face, or other parts of the body.
Respiratory Symptoms:
Runny or stuffy nose: Nasal congestion.
Sneezing and coughing: Respiratory irritation.
Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms:
Abdominal pain: Discomfort or pain in the stomach.
Nausea and vomiting: Feeling sick and vomiting.
Diarrhea: Loose or watery stools.
Cardiovascular Symptoms:
Anaphylaxis: A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause a rapid drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and shock.
Risks Factors of Egg Allergy
Several factors may increase the risk of developing an egg allergy:
Family History: Individuals with a family history of allergies, including egg allergies, may be genetically predisposed.
Atopic Diseases: People with other atopic conditions like asthma, hay fever, or eczema are at a higher risk.
Age of Introduction: Introducing eggs to an infant's diet too early may increase the likelihood of developing an allergy.
Foods that May Contain Eggs
Eggs can be hidden in various foods, making it challenging for individuals with egg allergies to avoid them. Common foods that may contain eggs or egg derivatives include:
Baked Goods: Cakes, cookies, and pastries.
Processed Foods: Some sauces, dressings, and processed meats.
Mayonnaise: A common condiment made with eggs.
Pasta and Noodles: Some types of pasta may contain eggs.
Certain Vaccines: Some vaccines, such as the influenza vaccine, may contain egg proteins.
It is crucial to read food labels carefully and inquire about ingredients when dining out to avoid accidental exposure.
How To Diagnose Allergy to Eggs
Accurate diagnosis of egg allergy is essential for effective management. Diagnosis may involve the following:
Medical History: Detailed information about the patient's symptoms and potential triggers.
Skin Prick Test: Small amounts of egg proteins are applied to the skin, and the skin is pricked to observe for an allergic reaction.
Blood Tests: Measurement of specific antibodies related to egg allergies.
Oral Food Challenge: Gradual consumption of increasing amounts of egg under medical supervision to monitor for a reaction.
Treatment Options for Egg Allergy
Avoidance: The primary treatment for egg allergy is strict avoidance of all foods containing eggs or egg derivatives.
Epinephrine (EpiPen): In case of severe reactions, individuals at risk of anaphylaxis may be prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector for emergency use.
Antihistamines: Medications that can help relieve milder symptoms such as itching and hives.
Corticosteroids: In some cases, oral or topical corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation.
Preventive Measures for Egg Allergy
Avoidance: The primary treatment for egg allergy is strict avoidance of all foods containing eggs or egg derivatives.
Epinephrine (EpiPen): In case of severe reactions, individuals at risk of anaphylaxis may be prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector for emergency use.
Antihistamines: Medications that can help relieve milder symptoms such as itching and hives.
Corticosteroids: In some cases, oral or topical corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation.
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